1
?[90].
Animisminthenarrowersenseisthetheoryofpsychicconcepts, andinthewidersense, , theanimationtheoryofseeminglyinanimatenature, , formerlyappliedtoadefinitephilosophicsystem, [91].
, andattributethecausationofnaturalprocessestothesespiritsanddemons; theyalsoconsiderthatnotonlyanimalsandplants, ‘naturephilosophy’seemsfarlessstrikingtousbecauseweourselvesarenotyetfarenoughremovedfromit, ‘animation’ ; thesesoulsarethebearersofspiritualactivitiesandare, toacertainextent, independentofthe ‘bodies’.Originallysoulswerethoughtofasbeingverysimilartoindividuals; onlyinthecourseofalongevolutiondidtheylosetheirmaterialcharacterandattainahighdegreeof ‘spiritualization’[92].
Mostauthorsinclinetotheassumptionthatthesesoulconceptionsaretheoriginalnucleusoftheanimisticsystem, thatspiritsmerelycorrespondtosoulsthathavebecomeindependent, andthatthesoulsofanimals, plantsandthingswereformedaftertheanalogyofhumansouls.
Howdidprimitivepeoplecometothepeculiarlydualisticfundamentalconceptionsonwhichthisanimisticsystemrests? Throughtheobservation, itisthought, ofthephenomenaofsleep (withdreams) anddeathwhichresemblesleep, andthroughtheefforttoexplaintheseconditions, , —immortality—, andonlywithhesitation, , shadowsandreflections, butthesehaveledtonoconclusion[93].
Ifprimitivemanreactedtothephenomenathatstimulatedhisreflectionwiththeformationofconceptionsofthesoul, andthentransferredthesetoobjectsoftheouterworld, , Wundtstatesthatthese “arethenecessarypsychologicalproductofthemythformingconsciousness, andprimitiveanimismmaybelookeduponasthespiritualexpressionofman’snaturalstateinsofarasthisisatallaccessibletoourobservation”[94].HumehasalreadyjustifiedtheanimationoftheinanimateinhisNaturalHistoryofReligions, wherehesaid: “Thereisauniversaltendencyamongmankindtoconceiveallbeingslikethemselvesandtotransfertoeveryobjectthosequalitieswithwhichtheyarefamiliarlyacquaintedandofwhichtheyareintimatelyconscious”[95].
Animismisasystemofthought, itgivesnotonlytheexplanationofasinglephenomenon, butmakesitpossibletocomprehendthetotalityoftheworldfromonepoint, , threegreatworldsystemscameintobeing: theanimistic (mythological), thereligious, , thefirstsystemisperhapsthemostconsistentandthemostexhaustive, , , eitherasaworthlesssurvivalintheformofsuperstition, orinlivingform, asthefoundationofourlanguage, ourbelief, andourphilosophy.
, butthedetailedrelationofmythstoanimismseemunexplainedinsomeessentialpoints.
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