ButevenifweassumethatfiftyyearsagoAlexanderIwasmistakeninhisviewofwhatwasgoodforthepeople, , watchingthemovementofhistory, weseethateveryyearandwitheachnewwriter, opinionastowhatisgoodformankindchanges; sothatwhatonceseemedgood, tenyearslaterseemsbad, , wefindatoneandthesametimequitecontradictoryviewsastowhatisbadandwhatisgoodinhistory: somepeopleregardgivingaconstitutiontoPolandandformingtheHolyAllianceaspraiseworthyinAlexander, whileothersregarditasblameworthy.
TheactivityofAlexanderorofNapoleoncannotbecalledusefulorharmful, , 'shouseinMoscow, orthegloryoftheRussianarms, ortheprosperityofthePetersburgandotheruniversities, orthefreedomofPolandorthegreatnessofRussia, orthebalanceofpowerinEurope, oracertainkindofEuropeanculturecalled "progress" appeartometobegoodorbad, Imustadmitthatbesidesthesethingstheactionofeveryhistoriccharacterhasothermoregeneralpurposesinaccessibletome.
Butletusassumethatwhatiscalledsciencecanharmonizeallcontradictionsandpossessesanunchangingstandardofgoodandbadbywhichtotryhistoriccharactersandevents; letussaythatAlexandercouldhavedoneeverythingdifferently; letussaythatwithguidancefromthosewhoblamehimandwhoprofesstoknowtheultimateaimofthemovementofhumanity, hemighthavearrangedmattersaccordingtotheprogramhispresentaccuserswouldhavegivenhim—ofnationality, freedom, equality, andprogress (these, Ithink, covertheground).Letusassumethatthisprogramwaspossibleandhadthenbeenformulated, —anactivitythatintheopinionofthehistorianswasgoodandbeneficent? Theiractivitywouldnothaveexisted: therewouldhavebeennolife, therewouldhavebeennothing.
Ifweadmitthathumanlifecanberuledbyreason, thepossibilityoflifeisdestroyed.
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