[5] , gold, women, slaves, excitement, weretheironlymotives.InthePeloponnesianwar5, forexample, theAtheniansasktheinhabitantsofMelos (theislandwherethe “VenusofMilo” wasfound), hithertoneutral, , andholdadebatewhichThucydides6givesinfull, andwhich, forsweetreasonablenessofform, wouldhavesatisfiedMatthewArnold7.“Thepowerfulexactwhattheycan,” saidtheAthenians, “andtheweakgrantwhattheymust.” WhentheMeleanssaythatsoonerthanbeslavestheywillappealtothegods, theAtheniansreply: “Ofthegodswebelieveandofmenweknowthat, byalawoftheirnature, , andwearenotthefirsttohaveacteduponit; wedidbutinheritit, andweknowthatyouandallmankind, ifyouwereasstrongasweare, ; wehavetoldyouwhyweexpecttostandashighintheirgoodopinionasyou.” Well, theMeleansstillrefused, andtheirtownwastaken.“TheAthenians,” Thucydidesquietlysays, “, sendingthitherfivehundredsettlersoftheirown.”
[6] Alexander’scareerwaspiracypureandsimple, nothingbutanorgyofpowerandplunder, , , PaulusAemilius8wastoldbytheRomanSenatetorewardhissoldiersfortheirtoilby “giving” ; butinEtoliatheykilledallthesenators, fivehundredandfiftyinnumber, Brutus10was “thenoblestRomanofthemall”, buttoreanimatehissoldiersontheeveofPhilippi11hesimilarlypromisestogivethemthecitiesofSpartaandThessalonica12toravage, iftheywinthefight.
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