HerbertSpencer
Pre-reading
HerbertSpencer (1820-1903) wasanEnglishphilosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, andprominentclassicalliberalpoliticaltheoristoftheVictorianera.
Spencerdevelopedanall-embracingconceptionofevolutionastheprogressivedevelopmentofthephysicalworld, biologicalorganisms, thehumanmind, “anenthusiasticexponentofevolution” andeven “wroteaboutevolutionbeforeDarwindid”.Duringhislifetimeheachievedtremendousauthority, “thesinglemostfamousEuropeanintellectualintheclosingdecadesofthenineteenthcentury”, buthisinfluencedeclinedsharplyafter1900.
Spencerisbestknownfortheexpression “survivalofthefittest”, whichhecoinedinPrinciplesofBiology (1864), afterreadingCharlesDarwin’sOntheOriginofSpecies.
ThefollowingessayisanexcerptfromSpencer’slongeressay “OntheGenesisofScience”.
PromptsforYourReading
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“certainty” and “completeness” meaninParagraph7?
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[1] , withwhomMathematics—literallythingslearnt — wasaloneconsideredasknowledgeproper1, thedistinctionmusthavebeenstronglyfelt; , consideringthecontrastbetweentheachievementsofscienceandthoseofdailyunmethodicalthinking, itisnotsurprisingthatsuchadistinctionhasbeenassumed; yetitneedsbuttorisealittleabovethecommonpointofview, toseethatnosuchdistinctioncanreallyexist: orthatatbest, ; andinbothcasestheirmodeofoperationisfundamentallythesame.
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传送门：
综合英语西方经典文学作品电子版
综合英语西方思想经典选读
综合英语西方思想经典选读电子版