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综合英语.西方思想经典选读_常俊跃 黄滔(TextAScientificKnowledgeandCommonKnowledge) 第(5/8)页

[7] Onfurtherconsideringthematter, however, itwillperhapsbefeltthatthisdefinitiondoesnotexpressthewholefact — thatinseparableassciencemaybefromcommonknowledge, andcompletelyaswemayfillupthegapbetweenthesimplestprevisionsofthechildandthemostreconditeonesofthenaturalphilosopherbyinterposingaseriesofprevisionsinwhichthecomplexityofreasoninginvolvedisgreaterandgreater, ; butbetweenthesuccessivephasesofscienceitself, orknowledgeitself — ; : : , toreducethepropositiontoitsmostdefiniteform — undevelopedscienceisqualitativeprevision; developedscienceisquantitativeprevision.

[8] , exhibitscertainty, butnotcompleteness, ; , thepredictionthatatastatedtimetwoparticularplanetswillbeinconjunction; thatbymeansofaleverhavingarmsinagivenratio, aknownforcewillraisejustsomanypounds; thattodecomposeaspecifiedquantityofsulphateofiron6bycarbonateofsoda7willrequiresomanygrains — thesepredictionsexhibitforeknowledge, notonlyofthenatureoftheeffectstobeproduced, butofthemagnitude, eitheroftheeffectsthemselves, oftheagenciesproducingthem, .

[9] Andthisistheunexpresseddifferencewhichleadsustoconsidercertainordersofknowledgeasespeciallyscientificwhencontrastedwithknowledgeingeneral.“Arethephenomenameasurable?” : : , force, andspacearemeasureable: ; , therearoseascienceofheat, ; , becausewehavediscoveredawaytomeasurethem; butwehavenoscienceofsoundsinrespecttotheirloudnessortheirtimbre, becausewehavegotnomeasuresofloudnessandtimbre.


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